
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 1.05, sd = 1.73)}} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.13, sd = 0.28)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
                               & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)           & (7)           & (8)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.945$^{***}$ & 0.732$^{***}$ & 0.689$^{***}$ & 0.877$^{***}$ & 0.108$^{***}$ & 0.059$^{***}$ & 0.057$^{***}$ & 0.055$^{***}$\\   
                               & (0.178)       & (0.214)       & (0.249)       & (0.204)       & (0.014)       & (0.018)       & (0.020)       & (0.015)\\   
   Predicted population        &               & 0.714$^{***}$ & 0.698$^{***}$ & 0.472$^{***}$ &               & 0.162$^{***}$ & 0.142$^{***}$ & 0.096$^{***}$\\   
                               &               & (0.153)       & (0.164)       & (0.161)       &               & (0.027)       & (0.027)       & (0.030)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity                     & 1.393$^{***}$ & 1.146$^{***}$ & 1.098$^{***}$ & 1.347$^{***}$ & 0.159$^{***}$ & 0.101$^{***}$ & 0.099$^{***}$ & 0.087$^{***}$\\   
                                         & (0.171)       & (0.211)       & (0.269)       & (0.189)       & (0.017)       & (0.018)       & (0.021)       & (0.019)\\   
   Population                            &               & 0.741$^{***}$ & 0.732$^{***}$ & 0.938$^{***}$ &               & 0.172$^{***}$ & 0.147$^{***}$ & 0.180$^{***}$\\   
                                         &               & (0.145)       & (0.150)       & (0.248)       &               & (0.026)       & (0.025)       & (0.053)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 130           & 127; 355      & 118; 323      & 148; 103      & 130           & 127; 355      & 118; 323      & 148; 103\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
& \multicolumn{4}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.678$^{***}$ & 0.672$^{***}$ & 0.669$^{***}$ & 0.661$^{***}$ &  & -0.052$^{**}$ & -0.062$^{***}$ & -0.015        \\
                               & (0.059)       & (0.067)       & (0.066)       & (0.068)       &  & (0.021)       & (0.021)        & (0.020)       \\
   Predicted population        &               & 0.020         & -0.009        & -0.029        &  & 0.932$^{***}$ & 0.967$^{***}$  & 0.545$^{***}$ \\
                               &               & (0.032)       & (0.029)       & (0.045)       &  & (0.053)       & (0.059)        & (0.055)       \\
    \\
   County fixed effects        & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period fixed effects        & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               & \\  
   State-Period fixed effects  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends     &               &               &               & $\checkmark$  &               &               &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


